Nine buses delivered to CTEVT to increase accessibility of training - Khabarhub
KATHMANDU: Team Leader of Dakchyata project Erik Winther-Schmidt Friday formally handed over nine buses to Member Secretary of Council for Technical Education
WASHINGTON DC: An 18-month meditation program can increase the well-being of older persons, according to a new randomized controlled trial led by an international team co-directed by UCL. The findings, published in PLOS ONE, show that meditation can improve people’s awareness, connection to others, and insight. While the meditation training did not confer significant benefits […]
KABUL, May 23: The World Health Organisation (WHO) recently revealed that it has issued a warning on the probable spike in dengue fever cases in Afghanistan, according to Khaama Press.
The organisation stated that its medical personnel are prepared to control the disease, a
JULY 25: Yet what many coffee lovers might not know is that they are often drinking a brew made, at least in part, from Brazilian beans.
"Brazilian beans have popular characteristics, and are known for their body and sweetness," says Christiano Borges, boss of the country's largest grower, Ipanema Coffees.
"Therefore, many coffee blends in the world use our coffee as a base."
Brazil is far and away the world's largest grower of coffee beans. It accounts for more than one third of all global supplies, or 37% in 2020, to be exact. In second place is Vietnam with 17% of supplies.
Some 70% of Brazil's coffee plants are the highly-priced arabica species, used in fresh coffee. The remaining 30% are robusta, which is used primarily for instant coffee.
The problem for Brazil, and world coffee supplies in general, is that last year the country's annual crop plummeted by almost a quarter due to a drought across its main coffee growing region, which centres on the south-eastern states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná.
The knock-on affect has been a global reduction in coffee beans supplies, and a subsequent doubling in wholesale prices since this time last year.
To try to alleviate any future falls in production, Brazil's largest coffee producers are increasingly turning towards technology to help them successfully grow and process the best possible crop, both in terms of size and quality.
New Tech Economy is a series exploring how technological innovation is set to shape the new emerging economic landscape.
One such firm, Okuyama, says it is now investing at least 10% of its revenues in technology. Based in Minas Gerais, it has coffee plantations covering 1,100 hectares (2,718 acres).
Its staff use a computer app called Cropwise Protector, which is made by Swiss-Chinese agricultural tech firm, Syngenta.
Linked to ground sensors and satellite imagery, the tool gives the farm workers a visual analysis of the farm, or plantation, on a tablet device or laptop.
They can then quickly apply such things as drip-irrigation, or pest-control, to a very specific area that might need it, rather than a whole field or the entire farm.
The idea is that this far more targeted approach is far faster, and kinder on the environment.
"Every year there is a new challenge, and these technologies help us to overcome those barriers," says Bruno Hiroiti, coffee beans manager at Okuyama.
"We have also invested in technologies for the coffee drying process, where we can monitor the temperature, which is defined by the type of coffee we are drying."
Okuyama dries some of its coffee beans in drum heaters after harvesting, to prevent them from spoiling while they are stored ahead of being roasted. Getting the temperature and timing correct is essential to avoid wastage, both in terms of the beans and the energy used to power the heaters.
At Ipanema Coffees, which has 4,300 hectares of plantations across three sites in Minas Gerais, Mr Borges says it has also very much gone down the tech route in recent years.
"We have made a huge investment on semi-automated irrigation, where the system measures the water deficit and weather conditions - giving us recommendations for each area."
He adds that the investments are helping the firm to reduce the impact of climate change. "We have climate problems such as droughts, and global temperature increases.
"The irrigation system has helped us to improve our productivity... and it has become a climate insurance for us."
Ipanema says it also has trackers on all its tractors to measure productivity, and is another user of Cropwise Protector. "It helps us monitor agricultural pests, by only using a tablet," says Gustavo Michalski, the firm's agricultural coordinator.
"It allows us to manage the problem and make more assertive decisions, and more sustainable ones, as we can monitor the indicators that give us the location and intensity [of a particular problem] in each areas."
After its beans are harvested, Ipanema has, for a number of years, been using automated selection machines, which only pick the ripe ones, which are yellow and red.
"We set the machine by programming the colours we need," says Rodrigo Ferreira, the firm's industrial director. "Once we put the beans in the conveyor belt the beans that are not the colour we defined will be expelled by a compressed air jet."
Flora Viana, global marketing manager for digital agriculture at Syngenta, says that Brazil's coffee producers can "no longer increase their productivity just by buying more land".
"We are reaching the limit of areas available," she adds, "producers need to instead optimise their production process."
Yet, Mr Borges adds that the technology is reliant upon having trained staff. "It is pointless to have great tool if we don't have a team motivated and prepared for them."
He adds that Ipanema has 800 employees, and often they go to college for training.
However, this increased use of technology is not universal across Brazil's coffee producers.
While it has been adopted by the big players in industry, such as Ipanema and Okuyama, the myriad of small producers that produce 66% of the country's crop are lagging behind.
But the hope is that the roll out of 5G mobile phone networks will improve internet connections in rural areas, making technology such as Cropwise Protector more prevalent.
With inputs from BBC
ipradi Trading organised a national training program for 895 drivers. The participants were introduced to the BSIV technology, safe and economical driving, and techniques to increase the efficiency and life of a vehicle.
Nepal Women Chamber under the Nepal Chamber of Commerce (NCC) has launched an economic empowerment programme for women. The Nepal Women Chamber has organised 'skill development training' in various fields to increase women's participation in the economic sector by developing entrepreneurship and creating jobs. In the first phase, the training will be provided to women in six different fields, including cooking, beautician, photography, candle crafting and fabric painting. The Women Chamber has said that the training is being provided to women of various areas.
JUNE 28: Less than three years ago, France's President Macron declared Nato to be "brain dead". Yet from the moment Russian tanks rolled across the border into Ukraine, the Western response has been remarkable for its unity, speed and vigour. It has been reinvigorated with renewed purpose - strengthening borders and supplying weapons.
On the eve of the summit in Madrid, Nato Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg announced what he called "a fundamental shift in the alliance's deterrence and defence", strengthening its defences on its eastern borders and raising its rapid response force to more than 300,000 troops.
The alliance faces numerous challenges, from hybrid warfare to the destabilisation of the Balkans to cyber attacks, the militarisation of space and what to do about China's growing military power. For the first time, this Nato summit will address what it calls "the challenges that Beijing poses to our security, interests and values", Mr Stoltenberg said. Here are some of the most pressing issues likely to be on the table this week.
1. Avoiding escalation in Ukraine war
Nato faces a balancing act. The world's most powerful military alliance, comprising 30 member states, three of them with nuclear weapons (US, UK and France), does not want to go to war with Russia. President Putin has repeatedly reminded the West he has a massive nuclear arsenal and even a low-level cross-border clash could quickly escalate out of control.
So the biggest challenge for the last four months has been, and remains now, how to help Ukraine defend itself against this unprovoked invasion without getting drawn into the fighting itself.
Early Western inhibitions about not upsetting Moscow by sending heavy weapons to Kyiv have been swept aside as gruesome details of alleged Russian war crimes and atrocities have emerged, backed up by satellite data.
The Madrid summit will need to set out the extent of military help Nato countries can provide and for how much longer.
For now, Moscow is winning in the Donbas, the largely Russian-speaking region of eastern Ukraine, albeit at massive cost in lives and material damage. Expectations are Russia will try to hang on to these territorial gains, perhaps annexing them in the same way it did with Crimea in 2014.
In the absence of a peace treaty, Nato will face a new dilemma later. Does it continue to arm the Ukrainians as they try to claw back land Moscow now considers to be legally part of the Russian Federation? The Kremlin has indicated Western weapons striking Russian soil crosses a red line so the risks here of escalation would dramatically increase.
2. Maintaining unity over Ukraine
If Russia had only attacked the Donbas and not invaded the whole of Ukraine on three sides, then it is possible we would not have seen such extraordinary unity in the West's response. Six rounds of EU sanctions are seriously hurting Russia's economy and Germany has cancelled for now the multi-billion Nord Stream 2 pipeline that would have brought Russian gas to northern Germany.
But there are splits in the Western alliance over how far to punish Russia and how much pain Western economies can take. These will likely come to the surface in Madrid. Germany has been accused of dragging its feet over promised weapons deliveries while Hungary, led by a prime minister with close links to President Putin, has refused to stop buying Russian oil. At the other end of the spectrum those nations feeling most threatened by Moscow, namely Poland and the Baltic states, are pushing for the toughest line possible and more Nato reinforcements on their borders.
3. Securing the Baltics
This region has the potential to be a major flashpoint between Nato and Russia. This month Russia threatened "practical countermeasures" after Lithuania blocked some EU-sanctioned goods travelling across its territory en route to Russia's Baltic exclave of Kaliningrad.
Estonia's outspoken Prime Minister Kaja Kallas has lambasted Nato for being ill-prepared for a Russian cross-border invasion. The current strategy envisages trying to retake Estonian territory only after Russia has already invaded. "They could wipe us off the map," she says.
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were all once - involuntarily - part of the Soviet Union. Today, they are independent nations and all in Nato. There are four multinational battle groups stationed in these three countries, along with Poland, as part of what is called the Enhanced Forward Presence. The UK leads the one in Estonia, the US the one in Poland, Germany in Lithuania and Canada the one in Latvia.
Yet, Nato planners know all too well these battle groups would only be a tripwire against a future Russian invasion. They are too small to prevent a concerted incursion by a reconstituted Russian army. Baltic leaders now want at least a division of Nato forces stationed in each country as a serious deterrent. This is likely to be a hotly-debated topic in Madrid.
4. Allowing Finland and Sweden to join
Finland and Sweden, both seriously rattled by Russia's full-scale invasion of a sovereign nation, have decided they want to ditch their neutrality and join Nato. The alliance is welcoming them with open arms, but it is not quite that simple. Turkey, a member since 1952, has been blocking their addition on the grounds both these Nordic countries harbour Kurdish separatists who Turkey views as terrorists.
But because Finland and Sweden are so important to Nato, every effort will be made to find a way around Turkey's objections. Once they join, the Baltic Sea will effectively become a "Nato lake," bordered by eight member states, with eventually a joined-up air defence and integrated missile system.
Looking further afield, Nato will need to decide if it ever intends to admit new members such as Georgia and Moldova, with all the associated risks of provoking an already-paranoid Kremlin.
5. Urgent rise in defence spending
Currently, Nato members are obliged to spend 2% of their annual GDP on defence, but not all of them do. Recent figures from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) show while the US spent 3.5% on defence and Britain spent 2.2%, Germany only spent 1.3% while Italy, Canada, Spain and the Netherlands were all falling well short of the 2% target. Russia spent 4.1% of its GDP on defence.
When Donald Trump was US President, he famously threatened to take America out of the alliance if other member states did not pull their weight. This had some effect, but the Ukraine invasion has had more. Just three days after it began, Germany announced it would allocate an additional €100bn on defence and finally raise its quota above 2%. This week, the Nato chief announced that nine of the 30 member states have reached or exceeded the 2% target, while 19 have clear plans to reach it by 2024. The 2% figure, said Jens Stoltenberg, "should be a floor, not a ceiling".
Western military chiefs and analysts are unanimous in calling for an urgent increase in defence spending if Russia is to be deterred from further aggression. But successive defence cuts over recent decades have prompted questions over whether Nato still has sufficient mass to deter a future Russian incursion.
Although UK defence spending was recently boosted, there has also been massive waste in procurement. The current strength of the British Army is 82,000 troops including those in training, but after cuts this is due to fall to 72,500. More worryingly still, both Russia and China are ahead of the West in developing hypersonic missiles that can travel towards their target at more than five times the speed of sound and on an unpredictable flight path.
All of this comes at a time of drastic global price rises in food and fuel, hot on the heels of the pandemic, so budgets are already tight. Allocating yet more money for defence may prove unpopular domestically when there are so many other pressing demands on government spending.
But military chiefs warn that if Nato does not bolster its security now, then the cost of further Russian aggression in the future will be infinitely greater.
With inputs from BBC
JUNE 20: Some states have shut down the internet and suspended train and bus services on Monday.
Protesters are demanding the rollback of the plan to hire soldiers on a fixed four-year term, saying it would shatter their dreams of a secure job.
They have taken to the streets, blocking roads and torching trains.
Several opposition political parties have given their support to the protests. But the government has refused to cancel the plan, though it has been trying to allay the fears of protesters.
Demonstrations against the plan began in the northern states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar last week after Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government announced changes to how it would recruit soldiers for the armed forces.
But they have now spread to several other states, with thousands of young men attacking train coaches, burning tyres and clashing with security forces.
At least one person died, and several others were injured in the southern state of Telangana where protesters clashed with the police on Friday.
Ahead of the shutdown on Monday, several states announced precautionary restrictions - banning large gatherings, shutting schools and even suspending internet services in some districts. In the state of Jharkhand, school exams have been postponed. And in Bihar, authorities have cancelled 350 trains in the wake of violence.
Fears for future
Protesters say the government's plan to hire temporary soldiers will reduce their chances of getting coveted permanent military jobs, which guarantee fixed salaries and pensions.
They are demanding that the government scrap the new plan and maintain the policy that would offer them a career that usually lasts two decades and offers a pension at the end of it.
Young people in India's smaller towns and villages prepare for years to become soldiers in the armed forces as the job brings prestige, a regular income and for some, a way out of poverty.
The new Agnipath scheme is aimed at people aged between 17.5 and 21 years. It says that successful candidates will join the armed services for four years, after which only 25% of them will be retained.
The soldiers will go through training for six months and then will be deployed for three and a half years. During this period, they will get a monthly starting salary of 30,000 rupees ($384; £316), along with additional benefits which will go up to 40,000 rupees by the end of the four-year service.
The reform is aimed at cutting the army's expenditure on ballooning salaries and pensions - which consume more than half of its budget - and freeing up funds to modernise the forces. The government said this would also "enhance the youthful profile of the armed forces"
In a bid to pacify protesters, the federal government announced late on Thursday night that candidates aged up to 23 years could apply under the scheme in the first year.
On Sunday, the home ministry also said it would reserve 10% of vacancies in the paramilitary forces and the Assam Rifles, a unit in the Indian army, for those who finish the four-year term.
The government has also shared posts on social media, explaining the various opportunities it said would be available to short-term soldiers after they finish their stint. It said that police forces will be asked to accommodate those who successfully finish their four-year terms in the armed forces.
Critics of the plan say that it will weaken the armed forces and also increase unemployment rates in the country.
"It's a foolish move, one that could affect the efficiency of the security forces," said retired Major General Sheonan Singh.
"Saving money is good but it should not be done at the cost of defence forces. If you go to war with an experienced soldier, will a person with four years of training be able to replace him on his death? These things don't work like this."
But those who support the move say that such a plan was needed to make the forces more efficient.
Retired Maj Gen SB Asthana said the step would benefit the army as it would help modernise India's forces.
"It is difficult to train old people in modern technology. But this generation is more capable. This plan will give freedom to the army to keep the best 25% of the soldiers and let the rest go."
With inputs from BBC
JUNE 16: In the northern state of Bihar, protesters burnt tyres and blocked key highways on Wednesday, demanding a roll back of the reforms. Police had to fire tear gas shells in some areas after protesters clashed with them.
The "Agnipath" or Path of Fire programme, which was unveiled on Tuesday, is aimed at army aspirants aged between 17.5 years and 21 years. Successful candidates will join the armed services for four years, after which only 25% of them will be retained.
The move is aimed at cutting expenses on the army's ballooning salaries and pensions - which consume more than half of its budget - and freeing up funds to modernise the forces. The government said this would also "enhance the youthful profile of the armed forces".
But aspirants say the scheme is an eyewash, which does very little to create jobs and opportunities. Several of them shouted slogans like "give us jobs or have us killed" on Wednesday.
The programme has also received criticism from some military generals and defence experts who say it could weaken the structure of the army and could have serious ramifications for national security, especially when India has tense borders with two of its neighbours - Pakistan and China.
"It's a foolish move, one that could affect the efficiency of the security forces," says retired Major General Sheonan Singh. "Saving money is good but it should not be done at the cost of defence forces. If you go to war with an experienced soldier, will a person with four years of training be able to replace him on his death? These things don't work like this."
India, which shares a heavily militarised border with Pakistan and has been involved in a tense stand-off with China along its Himalayan border, has one of the world's largest armed forces. With some 1.4 million personnel, it is also one of the country's top employers - with millions of people applying every year.
Every year, some 60,000 personnel retire and the army holds up to 100 fresh hiring "rallies" to replace them. But the hiring has been suspended for the past few years. Officials attribute it to the pandemic, but experts say the force was already stretched on resources and struggling to modernise.
Under Agnipath, 46,000 soldiers will be recruited this year.
The soldiers will go through training for six months and then will be deployed for three and a half years. During this period, they will get a starting salary of 30,000 rupees ($384; £316), along with additional benefits which will go up to 40,000 rupees by the end of the four-year service.
What happens after four years?
One of the biggest concerns is the fate of the soldiers after they finish their term.
"I have been working very hard for the last two years to join the army. But suddenly the Agnipath scheme was announced," says 20-year-old Debojit Bora in the north-eastern state of Assam. "Now we will get a chance to work for only four years. So, even if I get selected, I will be retired from the job. What will I do after that?"
This is particularly alarming at a time when the country is facing a persistent job crisis. India's unemployment rate reached nearly 7.83% in April, according to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), an independent think tank. Millions of Indians lost their jobs when the pandemic struck India in 2020 which was already in the throes of a prolonged slowdown.
"Besides, unemployment rate among the youth (15-29 years) has been hovering over 20% for a long time," says Mahesh Vyas, the managing director and CEO of CMIE.
The government has sought to allay these fears by announcing that the Agnipath aspirants will be given priority in recruitment to central armed police forces and Assam Rifles (an Indian army unit).
But military experts are sceptical. They worry this would push young people into a life of frustration and with fewer job opportunities.
"Where will a 21 year old 10th or 12th pass unemployed youth go for a job? If he goes for recruitment in the police, then he will be told that there are already several other fresh graduates in tow, so he should stand at the back of the line," says Gen Singh.
Besides, four years is too short a time for the aspirants to be able to adjust to the military discipline, he adds.
"Six months out of four years will be spent in training. Then the soldier will go to areas like infantry and signals,for specialised training, which will take more time. It's not like they can become a pilot in the Air Force - they will become a groundsman or a mechanic. So, what will he learn in four years?"
Experts say a short-term contract also runs the risk of having thousand of young unemployed youth with arms training.
"Do you really want to put out so many people who are well trained in arms to look for jobs in a society where levels of violence are already so high?," Sushant Singh, a senior fellow with the Centre for Policy Research, a Delhi-based think tank, told the BBC in April.
Political scientist Pratap Bhanu Mehta, in a column in The Indian Express, says this could have " huge sociological implications, and if not handled well, we could be playing with fire".
'It's needed to modernise the army'
Not everyone opposes the overhaul, though.
"The army has the ability to make do with much less people than they have now. We need to cut the flab," Ajai Shukla, a former officer who now writes on defence, told the BBC in April.
Retired Major General SB Asthana said the step would benefit the Indian army as it would help modernise the forces and bring in more younger and technology-driven soldiers.
"It is difficult to train old people in modern technology. But this generation is more capable. This plan will give freedom to the army to keep the best 25% of the soldiers and let the rest go."
In an earlier interview with the BBC, Lt-Gen HS Panag said that India has a "large military where we are forced to use quantity to compensate for quality". As a developing economy, India's defence spending "cannot increase exponentially" and therefore it needed to slim the forces.
But Mr Mehta argues that a shift from reliance on personnel to technology, and a younger age profile of soldiers "should be dealt with in its own terms, not governed just by the logic of cutting your pension bill".
"The armed forces need support and reform. But reforms should be governed by a sound sociological, professional, institutional and strategic logic... A dose of scepticism might be a better act of patriotism than cheerleading blindly, especially if you want reforms to succeed," he wrote.
With inputs from BBC
CHITWAN, Dec 3: Narayan Adhikari A two-day training for enumerators and technical staff has begun here today at the Chitwan National Park, in preparation for the National Tiger Survey. The tiger census is to be conducted in Chitwan, Bardiya, Parsa, Shuklaphanta and Banke national parks from December 5. Some 100 persons would be trained for this purpose.
The training is coordinated by the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation. Experts from ZSL, World Wildlife Fund, National Trust for Nature Conservation and the Department of Forests will impart the training. Chief Conservation Officer at CNP Hari Bhadra Acharya said the tiger count would be conducted simultaneously in Chitwan and Parsa.
Three hundred sixty pairs of cameras would be installed in the two national parks for the census. Sixteen camps have been set up in the single block comprising the two national parks. The cameras will be placed at a height of half metre. The automatic trapping cameras would be installed in trees at several spots and also on poles. Tiger count is done with the 'capture recaptured method'. A pair of cameras is installed in two grids or four square kilometres area. As Acharya shared, the cameras have to be kept for at least two weeks.
It is estimated that capturing tiger image by cameras will complete in about two months. The results of the tiger census will be available after four months after studying the images captured by camera. The national level tiger census was started here since 2008. It was conducted for the second time in 2013, for third time in 2018 and this year for the fourth time. Acharya said they would start counting the prey population after the results of the tiger survey are published.
The previous 2018 tiger census put the population of adult tigers at 235. The highest number (93) was counted in the CNP followed by 87 in Bardiya, 21 in Banke, 18 in Parsa and 16 in Shuklaphanta.
This figure is expected to rise over the course of time. The 2010 Global Conference participated by 13 countries (where tigers are found) held in St Petersburg, Russia, had pledged to double the population of tigers by 2022 and Nepal also vowed to increase its number from 121 to 250.
Tiger conservationists are hopeful that Nepal would live up to its promise to double the tigers’ population by the given time. Nepal conducts the tiger census every four years.
Chief of Army Staff (CoAS) Purna Chandra Thapa has handed the command of Nepali Army to Chief of General Staff, Lieutenant General Prabhu Ram Sharma.
CoAS Thapa handed the responsibility of the organisation command to Sharma amidst a programme at the NA Headquarters, Bhadrakali on Monday.
It may be noted that President Bidya Devi Bhandari has already, on the recommendation of the government, designated Sharma as the Acting CoAS with effect from Tuesday. As per the NA tradition, CoAS Thapa will be staying on home leave from Tuesday, one month before the expiry of his three-year term. Sharma will be taking the charge of NA as the 44th CoAS from September 10.
Born on 5th January 1964 in Kathmandu, he was a graduate of Nepali Military Academy. He completed his Company Command and Staff Course from the Nepali Army War College (1988-89) and Command and Staff Officers Course from Army Command and Staff College (1996-97) Nepal, according to the NA.
He is an alumni of National Defence College in India and training on terrorism and security from the United States of America, a course on self-defence from Thailand and Pakistan and a high-level training on peace keeping from Bangladesh.
Sharma has held various command and staff appointments at home and abroad during his career. He commanded an independent Infantry Company in 2001 and an Infantry Battalion in 2004. He has also led an Infantry Battalion to a peacekeeping mission in the African Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO). He has commanded two Infantry Brigades namely number 3 and 6 Infantry Brigades. His Division Command was in the Mid Division in 2017 as the General Officer Commanding (GOC), the NA said.
Among his notable staff appointments during his 37-year long career are the Brigade Major and Operation Officer in a Division Headquarters. Similarly, he has served as the Military Secretary, Director of the Directorate of Recruitment and Selection, and the Director of Planning Policy and Staff Duties in the Army Headquarters. He has also held the appointment of Assistant Chief of Staff (ACOS), Directorate General of Military Operations (DGMO), Director of Master General of Ordnance (MGO) and Chief of Staff (COS). During his illustrious career, he has also held a diplomatic appointment as the Military Attaché in Bangladesh from 2008 till 2011. He currently holds the important appointment of the Chief of General Staff (CGS).
An alumni of National Defence College in India, he holds a Master’s Degree in History from the Tribhuban University, Nepal, and Master of Philosophy in Defense and Strategic Study from the University of Madras, India. He has also attended seminar in NESA Centre, Washington DC and executive course in the APCSS in Hawaii, USA. Lt Gen Sharma is decorated with the prestigious Suprabala Jana Sewa Shree.
Known for his straightforward attitude and decision-making acumen, Lieutenant General Sharma's main priority would be to increase the Nepali Army's operational capacity by operating the training which has been affected due to COVID-19.
Implementing in a systematic manner the Army's restructuring in accordance with its 'Three Plus One' concept which has come into effect recently is another of his major tasks at the helm of Nepali Army.
He will also focus on continuing with the 'good' programmes initiated by the former Chief of Army Staff by evaluating their effectiveness and on their institutionalization. Motivating the entire rank and file within the Army organisation and carrying out welfare activities for their families are also the priorities for the Acting Chief of Army Staff.
