This is how climate-smart agriculture can help Nepal ensure food security
What is climate-smart agriculture all about, in the context of Nepal?
The post This is how climate-smart agriculture can help Nepal ensure food security appeared first on OnlineKhabar English News.
Asar 15 (June 29) is a significant day for the people coming together to honour and appreciate the hard work of farmers and the importance of agriculture in Nepal. Dhan Diwas or ‘Paddy Day’ is a special occasion that highlights the deep-rooted connection between farmers and the land, and vital food security.
Irrigation is the mainstay of agriculture. Availability of irrigation facilities increases crop yields, contributes to food security and helps increase exports of agricultural products, thus resulting in a favourable trade balance. Development of agriculture contributes to the industrial sector because agriculture provides raw materials for the industry. In Nepal, agriculture contributes around one-third to the gross domestic product. It employs over 70 per cent of the total labour force. When it comes to the rural labour force, the percentage is around 80 per cent.
Adverse influences of climate change have impacted an extensive range of degradation in Nepal and other regions. The impacts of climate change on agriculture can have significant social, economic and political consequences, particularly in developing countries that rely heavily on agriculture for their livelihoods and food security. Fluctuations in temperature, rainfall patterns, a
The right to food is a basic human right. It is also a key objective of the Sustainable Development Goals– to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture by 2030.
The year 2021 marks the Silver Jubilee of the Food Sovereignty Movement and members of the largest global peasants movement, La Via Campesina (LVC) are Celebrating it with various programs especially this October. The concept of Food Sovereignty (FS) which was introduced by LVC during the world food summit in 1996 has now become the banner of hundreds of organizations not only limited to food and agriculture but also advocating equity, justice, and fraternity. The concept has been recognized by UN agencies such as IFAD, FAO, UNHCR, etc as a peoples' agenda of addressing global poverty and inequality by ensuring the rights of producers. Therefore, it has become an alternative paradigm of transforming rural areas, building self-reliant economics, localizing production and distribution systems, creating fair market and trade; and creating a just society where resources are accessed and distributed equally.
The 25 years of journey of La Via Campesina (which is the network of around 180 peasant organizations in 82 countries around the globe) on Food Sovereignty started questioning increasing hunger and poverty in the world and rejecting false solutions offered by neoliberal capitalism. While inequality, marginalization, hunger are increasing in the world and capitalism has also resulted in the deepening of other crises including environmental, now Food Sovereignty has been recognized and incorporated in the documents of international organizations, governments, and even the UN agencies. On the basis of the concept of Food Sovereignty, in 2018 the UN General Assembly also adopted the peasants' rights declaration (UNDROP) in the direction of ensuring food sovereignty. It took 25 years for LVC to globalize the struggle for Food Sovereignty. That is how Socialist governments such as Cuba, Venezuela, Mali (Past Government), Nepal (Past Government) adopted this concept in socialist construction of agriculture and peasantry and already incorporated these rights in the constitution of those countries.
In Nepal, in the leadership of the All Nepal Peasants Federation, we have been successful in ensuring the right to food sovereignty in the Constitution and law has been enacted to implement the right to food and food sovereignty. It is not only the success of the Nepalese peasants' movement but also a matter of pride to the global peasants' movement. But it is more important to defend those rights and implement the policies and law as there are many attempts by neoliberal and imperialist forces to put an end to all those achievements.
What is Food Sovereignty?
La Via Campesina, International Peasant’s Movement, defines the concept of food sovereignty as, "Food Sovereignty is the right of people to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems. It ascertains the access and control on land, water, forest, biodiversity, animal, and seeds of landless and small farmers, backward and marginalized people community and highly prioritizes agricultural development rather than trade policy.”
There may be different interpretations and understanding of the concepts by people at the local level. But unless it is misused and hijacked by neoliberal agencies such as the World Bank and multinational companies, it is the agenda of the liberation of peasants from the oppression and exploitation of Feudalism and Market Monopoly and the sovereign right of food producers to choose their food and agricultural system.
The framework of food sovereignty states that the problem of hunger throughout the world can't be solved unless we address the issue of access and control of producers to productive resources and producers' rights in the production and distribution system. It also states that food and productive resources are more than commodities to be traded for profit. The livelihood and culture of people shouldn't be traded. But the producers should be given the sovereign right to make decisions in all matters of production, distribution, and market.
How the concept originated?
While the World Food Summit was being held in 1996, the number of people living with hunger and poverty of the world was 800 million. FAO and the governments proposed the food security- approach to reduce hunger by half in 2015. It is the time when LVC put forward Food Sovereignty as a Solution to the problem against the food security approach where the rich countries donate food to the poor countries, states open trade and liberalize agriculture to solve the problem of hunger and poverty. Food Sovereignty has been also offered as the solution to unsustainable farming of monoculture, industrial farming, chemical agriculture. Food sovereignty has also offered great people-based approaches to resilience and adaptation to climate change. Many research organizations such as GRAIN has claimed that peasants agriculture based on principles of Food sovereignty actually cools the planet.
Principles of Food Sovereignty
Food sovereignty has today been set as a fundamental right of all the people and as a guiding principle to ascertain the right of producers to control means of production.
The food sovereignty principle takes food as a basic human right and focuses on access to safe, nutritious, and culturally appropriate food. Food sovereignty principle highlights the need for genuine agrarian reform which gives landless and farming people—especially women—ownership and control of the land for food production.
But Food sovereignty is broad and dynamic. The concepts have embraced postulations. Some of them are,
· Self-reliant and self-dependent food production
· Local sovereignty and democracy
· Ecological farming based on sustainable practices and bio-diversity based
· Participation and self-decision of producers
· Right of the producer on means of production
· Women’s access and right to resources
· Emphasis on cooperativeness and collectivity
· Protection of local seeds and practice
· Peasant’s right as Human right
· Rights of laborer and migrants or foreign employees
· Agro-ecological farming in the production system
· Free and just trade and
· Protection of food grain culture
· Sustainable use of Resources and Climate Justice
It's time to implement Food Sovereignty!
The worlds' development at present is grounded on neo-liberalism-led globalization, and if recent history is analyzed in a pragmatic way, we see the connection between neoliberalism and the deepening of crisis with a global dimension. It also reveals that present policies are directed for quick profit or benefits to the big business or corporate houses in the pretext of majority rule and lack an effective and accountable system. Multiple Crises such as Food, Energy, Environmental and Climate, Financial and Debt, as well as the humanitarian crisis are the result of the failure of the neoliberal model. The poverty and hunger toll have also been found increasing for the last few decades, numbering 800 million in 1996, 840 million at present. Therefore, a large number of middle and lower-class people especially peasants, indigenous communities, and Dalits are pushed further into the poverty cycle. Besides the increasing poverty and hunger, various problems such as land grabbing, climate change, environmental degradation, and other crises are also the result of this faulty growth model affecting the livelihood of small farmers in the world.
We all know Food is Life and without food, human beings can't sustain lives. Unfortunately, the majority of small peasants who produce food in a sustainable way protecting biodiversity, respecting natural balance, and conserving culture, are living under poverty and hunger. We have seen that all attempts, especially for the last 25 years since the world food summit 1996 to eradicate hunger and poverty, have failed. Now is the time to learn from the mistakes. During covid-19, we have learned that it is only the localized food system and self-reliant economy that are impacted least. We have learned that privatization and commodification of everything such as food and healthcare was a hurdle to deal with the crisis. Therefore, it is clear that without improving the access and control of producers, without promoting community wisdom, traditional skills, and protecting seed diversity, without building the capacity of farmers to enable them to make decisions in regard to food and agriculture, development of agriculture is not possible. Similarly, based on principles of food sovereignty, agro-ecological practices against conventional farming and prioritized local food systems against the business and dumping of food has no alternatives. The practice of Food sovereignty ensures the rights of producers, produces healthy and culturally appropriate food, and has a great contribution to climate change adaptation. Actually, peasant agriculture cools the planet. Therefore, let's join hand in hand to ensure the food sovereignty of the people. We hope that the celebration of 25 years of Food Sovereignty in 2021, not only unites the members of La Via Campesina but also the people of the world to demand food sovereignty. Let's hope this year will be the year of implementation of food sovereignty by many of the states around the world.
(Pramesh Pokharel is the International Coordination Committee Member of La Via Campesina)
Poverty and hunger are the two faces of the same coin. Being one of the least developed as well as landlocked countries, Nepal has been facing double trouble owing to various reasons. The limited fiscal space does not allow the nation to go the whole hog in tackling an unfavourable food security system. The situation is further aggravated after natural calamities such as climate change impacts and the recent outbreak of the pandemic have pulverised our agriculture and economy.
Seeds are the basic and vital sources of agriculture. From the dawn of agriculture, seeds have been saved and exchanged by farmers and developed in accordance with the local environment. Seeds are living repositories of traditional and cultural knowledge. But at present, a vast diversity of local seeds is disappearing which has impacted agriculture and biodiversity.
The community wisdom about local seeds was a great heritage of the agrarian community. There was the accumulation of knowledge, traditions, customs and culture possible from one farmer to another for countless generations. Farmers have been maintaining seed diversity, conserving nature and ensuring local food security.
In the present context, local seeds which were saved and transferred from generation to generation by farmers are displaced. Due to hybridization, genetic modification and legal protections the control of seeds have gradually moved from the hands of farmers and public breeders to a handful of large multinational companies. Due to this, we can witness the disappearance of our biodiversity and of our seed sovereignty.
Seed sovereignty is the farmer’s right to save, breed and exchange seeds, to have access to diverse open-source seeds which can be saved –and which are not patented, genetically modified, owned or controlled by emerging seed giants. Farmers have been saving seed for centuries and are supposed to be the ultimate owner of seed so they have the right to save seeds and reproduce them without deteriorating their quality and diversity.
The use of hybrid seeds and Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) have been increasing to improve production to meet the demand of the burgeoning population. But in reality, these high-yielding seeds are displacing and destroying the local seed variety. This is threatening our seed sovereignty and genetic diversity.
What are Hybrid seeds and GMO seeds?
Hybrid seeds are produced by cross-pollinated plants. The two different varieties are cross-bred, resulting in a seed that carries one or more favorable traits. The main purpose of hybrid seeds is to improve the characteristics of a resulting plant. But we cannot get the traits that the original hybrid possessed when we save seeds from them and replant them the following year. For this reason, we have to purchase hybrid seeds over and over every year. Furthermore, hybrid seeds also require specific fertilizers which can be costly to many farmers.
GMO seeds are seeds that have had their genetic makeup altered to exhibit traits that are not naturally theirs. In general, genes are taken from one organism that shows a desired trait and transferred into the genetic code of another organism. The goal of the new gene is to produce a helpful trait or characteristic in the modified organism, such as disease resistance, drought tolerance, or improved nutritional value. GMO seeds are bred by biologic engineers who apply modern biotechnology techniques in a lab.
What are its negative impacts?
-A small number of companies hold the patent of seeds. These reduced competition levels make it easier for those in the market to raise the price of seeds. In addition, these improved varieties require specific fertilizers, pesticides and machines. So, hybrid seeds and GMO seeds along with their associated technical package are very costly to small-scale and subsistence farmers.
-GM crops occupy the large surface areas and are linked to intensive monoculture systems that wipe out other crops and ecosystems, reducing biodiversity.
-Wind can carry pollen and cross-pollinate non-GMO varieties with the GMO varieties causing genetic pollution
-Not sufficient research on how these seeds will behave over the long term and about their actual effects on the organisms that consume them.
- Ecosystem is imbalanced due to the introduction of altered life forms in the environment.
Impact of patented seeds on seed sovereignty
Seed sovereignty ensures farmers' freedom to save and exchange seeds. This freedom is threatened by the use of patents in hybrids and GMOs by Multinational companies (MNC). Patents are used by plant breeders and agribusinesses to give them ownership of seeds they have created. A patent on seeds would prevent farmers from saving and exchanging seeds and prohibits the farmers' free choice of how to grow and plant.
Patented plants cannot be used for further breeding without the patent holder’s permission. This puts our food supply in the hands of breeders, such as large agribusinesses, not the growers. Growers will have restricted choices and gradually the diversity of species and genome types will decrease. Furthermore, farmers will be pushed out of this market, leaving large agribusinesses free to determine the price of seeds. Due to this, the cost of input and cultivation will be high which will push the farmers into debt traps. So, farmers have been the victim of the politics of government and MNC nexus.
Why seed sovereignty?
Seed diversity plays a significant role in maintaining agricultural sustainability. Nepal still contains a large plant genetic diversity but this is being threatened by the increasing use of hybrids. There is no denying the fact that these technological advances are taking place to tackle the problem of a growing population but they should be within the framework of agricultural sustainability and seed sovereignty.
Seed sovereignty is the foundation for food sovereignty. Without access to high-quality seeds and the ability to save, use, breed, and share seeds freely, true food sovereignty is unattainable. In a country where 68% of the total population depends upon agriculture for their livelihood and 18 percent of people still living under the poverty line, we cannot achieve food security depending upon large agribusiness and putting farmers' freedom under threat. It is our inherent duty to protect the indigenous seeds of our country to feed and nourish ourselves and future generations instead of running behind large multinational companies.
With the growing haphazard urbanisation in city areas across Nepal including Kathmandu, only limited agricultural land has remained. As a result, many people who lack cultivable land and space in and around their concrete houses in the urban areas have opted for rooftop farming, which is aiding to somehow solve food security problems and contributing to sustainable agriculture.
